Saturday, November 03, 2007

The hypocrites who say they back democracy in Burma

Addressing a London meeting, 'Freedom Writ Large', organised by PEN and the Writers Network of Burma, John Pilger pays tribute to Aung San Suu Kyi and the writers of Burma, 'the bravest of the brave', and describes the hypocrisy of Western leaders who claim to back their struggle for freedom.

The news is no more from Burma. The young monks are quiet in their cells, or they are dead. But words have escaped: the defiant, beautiful poetry of Aung Than and Zeya Aung; and we know of the unbroken will of the journalist U Win Tin, who makes ink out of brick powder on the walls of his prison cell and writes with a pen made from a bamboo mat – at the age of 77. These are the bravest of the brave. What honour they bring to humanity with their struggle; and what shame they bring to those whose hypocrisy and silence helps to feed the monster that rules Burma. When I began to write this, I had planned to quote a moving passage from my last interview with Aung San Suu Kyi, but I decided not to - because of something Suu Kyi said to me when I last spoke to her. “Be careful of media fashion,” she said. “The media like this sentimental version of life that reduces everything down to personality. Too often this can be a distraction.”

I thought about that, and how typically self effacing it was, and how right she was. For the greatest distraction is the hypocrisy of those political figures in the democratic West, who claim to support the Burmese liberation struggle. Laura Bush and Condaleeza Rice come to mind. “The United States,” said Rice, “is determined to keep an international focus on the travesty that is taking place in Burma.” What she is less keen to keep a focus on is that the huge American company, Chevron, on whose board of directors she sat, is part of a consortium with the junta and the French company, Total, that operates in Burma’s offshore oil fields. The gas from these fields is exported through a pipeline that was built with forced labour and whose construction involved Halliburton, of which Vice President Cheney was Chief Executive. For many years, the Foreign Office in London promoted business as usual in Burma. When I interviewed Suu Kyi a decade ago I read her a Foreign Office press release that said, “Through commercial contacts with democratic nations such as Britain, the Burmese people will gain experience of democratic principles.” She smiled sardonically and said, “Not a bit of it.”

In Britain, the official public relations line has changed; Burma is a favourite New Labour's "cause"; Gordon Brown has written a chapter in a book about his admiration of Suu Kyi. How well his platitudes reflect on his counterfeit liberalism. When the last month’s uprising broke out in Rangoon, he referred to the sanctity of the “universal principles of human rights”. This week he wrote a letter to PEN about Burma's writers; it waffles about prisoners of conscience and is a distraction: indeed part of his current, grand theme of distraction about "returning liberty" when of course none will be returned without a fight. Hands can be wrung; letters to PEN can be spun; nothing can be done. As for Burma, the essence of Britain's compliance and collusion has not changed. British tour firms – like Orient Express and Asean Explorer – are able to make a handsome profit on the suffering of the Burmese people. Aquatic – a sort of mini Halliburton – has its snout in the same trough, together with all those companies that make a nice earner from Burmese teak. When did Brown or Blair ever use their close connections with business – their platforms at the CBI and in the City London, among the bankers of Brussels - to name and shame those British companies that make money on the back of the Burmese people? When did a British prime minister call for the European Union to plug the loopholes of arms supply to Burma, stopping, for example, the Italians from supplying military equipment? The reason ought to be obvious. The British government is itself one of the world’s leading arms suppliers, especially to regimes at war with their neighbours, democracies or dictatorships, who cares? Next week, the dictator of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah, whose tyranny gorges itself on British arms, will receive a state visit. Last night, (On October 25) the Brown government approved Washington's latest fabricated prelude to a criminal attack on Iran - as if the horrors of Iraq and Afghanistan were not enough for the "liberal" lionhearts in Downing Street and Whitehall.

And when did a British prime minister call on its ally and client, Israel, to end its long and sinister relationship with the Burmese junta. Or does Israel’s immunity and impunity also cover its supply of weapons technology to Burma and its reported training of the junta’s most feared internal security thugs? Of course, that is not unusual. The Australian government – so vocal lately in its condemnation of the junta – has not stopped the Australian Federal Police from training Burma’s internal security forces in at the Australian-funded Centre for Law Enforcement Co-operation in Indonesia. Those who care for freedom in Burma and Iraq and Iran and Saudi Arabia and beyond must not be distracted by the posturing and weasel pronouncements of our leaders, who themselves should be called to account as accomplices. We owe nothing less to Aung San Suu Kyi, to Burma’s writers and to all the bravest of the brave.

Friday, October 05, 2007

Academic CV

Name: Tara van Dijk
Email: tara_vanDijk@hotmail.com.
Nationality: American

Academic Areas of Interest: International Development Studies, Applied Sociology, Action Research, Urban Studies, and Feminism

Career Objective: Secure a PhD position with a research focus related to developing poverty reducing urban governance.

Education:

Master of Science in Human Geography, Cum Laude (2006)
Programme: International Development Studies
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Master’s Thesis Fieldwork in Mumbai, India 2005Conducted a three month ethnographic case-study of a Mumbai, India administrative ward. Thesis: Post-74th Constitutional Amendment Governance in Mumbai: How and to What Extent Does this Brand of Decentralization and Affirmative Action Benefit the Intended?

Bachelor of Science in Sociology, Magna Cum Laude (2001)
Minor in Women’s Studies Minor in American Literature
Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon USA

Legal Secretarial Certificate (1993)
Bradford Business College, Portland, Oregon USA

Relevant Courses (Master’s Level):
Political Economy of Development
Poverty & Development
Culture, Identity and Nation-State
Environment & Development
Labor, Inequity and Globalization
Research Methodologies and Skills,
Abandoning Development: Africa
and the Contemporary International Political
Economy System

Relevant Courses (Bachelor’s Level):
Contemporary Sociological Theory
Families & Work
Development of Sociological Theory
Feminist Theory
Sociology of Race & Ethnicity
Women & Society
Social Inequality
Sociology of Religion
Environmental Sociology
Social Psychology

Formal Presentations:

“Mumbai ward governance: How does it work and what does it mean for the poor?” Presented at the Indo-Dutch Programme on Alternatives in Development (IDPAD) New Forms of Urban Governance Conference in Mumbai January 6, 2006.

“Reservation in India and Substantive Gender Equality,” Presented at the Seventh International Conference on Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations. Amsterdam, The Netherlands July 6, 2007.

Professional Associations and Activities

Associate Editor – International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations, Volume 7

Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society

Professional Articles:

(Forthcoming) “Reservation in India and Substantive Gender Equality,” International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations
(Submitted) “Comprehensive Network Analysis and Affirmative Action Policy & Evaluation,” Social Networks
(In Progress) “Misunderstood: Mumbai Ward Committees and Ward Councilors as Both Friend and Foe to Poverty Reduction and Democratic Decentralization”
(In Progress) “Mumbai’s Ward Councilors and NGOs: The Cold War”


Relevant Employment History:

Teaching

American International School, Gaza Strip, Palestinian Territories (2002-2004)
High school language arts and literature teaching position. I also initiated the school’s first ‘college and career preparation’ elective.

Microsoft Global Technical Engineering Center, Shanghai, China (2001-2002)
During my one year internship as a ‘Communication Specialist’ I taught engineers business English and customer services skills by organizing and conducting trainings and workshops. In addition, I developed and maintained the ‘Resource Center’ an online intranet resource that contained English, customer service, service delivery and Western Culture reference materials.

Calritz Language School, Masok, South Korea (2001)
Taught English as a second language to children (ages 4-12)

Administrative

Embassy Vacation Resorts, Lake Tahoe, California, USA (1997-1998)
It was my responsibility as an owner’s service representative to make disenchanted timeshare owners happy. This involved coordinating the efforts of many departments. My ability to smooth tense situations was greatly advanced.

RMC Research Corporation, Portland, Oregon, USA (1993-1995)
My employment as an administrative assistant at this educational and human services research and consulting firm required advanced computer and communication skills. Many research projects required me to coordinate my and my director’s activities with those of the client and other research associates. This work required strong troubleshooting skills and working under the pressure of strict deadlines.


Relevant Skills:

Research project design both qualitative and quantitative
Data collection, analysis, and presentation
Writing for both scholarly and mainstream audiences
Advanced knowledge of Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and Excel
Intermediate knowledge of Adobe Acrobat and web design using FrontPage
Effective, versatile, and personable communicator
Robust sociological imagination
Teaching both adults and adolescents
Level 2 Dutch

Wednesday, March 28, 2007

Classic Quotes on Western Hegemony

1- "It's really not a number I'm terribly interested in."
- General Colin Powell [When asked about the number of Iraqi people who were slaughtered by Americans in the 1991 "Desert Storm" terror campaign (200,000 people!)]

2- "I will never apologize for the United States of America - I don't care what the facts are."
-President George Bush 1988 [Bush was demonstrating his patriotism by excusing an act of cold-blooded mass-murder by the U.S. Navy. On July 3, 1988 the U.S. Navy warship Vincennes shot down an Iranian commercial airliner. All 290 civilian people in the aircraft were killed. The plane was on a routine flight in a commercial corridor in Iranian airspace. The targeting of it by the U.S. Navy was blatantly illegal. That it was grossly immoral is also obvious. Except to a patriot.]

3- "To maintain this position of disparity (U.S. economic-military supremacy)... we will have to dispense with all sentimentality and day-dreaming.... We should cease to talk about vague and... unreal objectives such as human rights, the raising of the living standard and democratization. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts.... The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better."
-George Kennan [Director of Policy Planning U.S. State Department 1948]

4- "If they turn on the radars we're going to blow up their goddamn SAMs (surface-to-air missiles). They know we own their country. We own their airspace... We dictate the way they live and talk. And that's what's great about America right now. It's a good thing, especially when there's a lot of oil out there we need."
-U.S. Brig. General William Looney (Interview Washington Post, August 30, 1999) [Referring, in reality, to the brutal mass- murder of hundreds of civilian Iraqi men, women and children during 10,000 sorties by American/British war criminals in the first eight months of 1999]

5- "The greatest crime since World War II has been U.S. foreign policy."
-Ramsey Clark [Former U.S. Attorney General under President Lyndon Johnson]

6- "I believe that if we had and would keep our dirty, bloody, dollar soaked fingers out of the business of these [Third World] nations so full of depressed, exploited people, they will arrive at a solution of their own. And if unfortunately their revolution must be of the violent type because the "haves" refuse to share with the "have-nots" by any peaceful method, at least what they get will be their own, and not the American style, which they don't want and above all don't want crammed down their throats by Americans."
-General David Sharp [Former United States Marine Commandant 1966]

7- "We have no honourable intentions in Vietnam. Our minimal expectation is to occupy it as an American colony and maintain social stability for our investments. This tells why American helicopters are being used against guerrillas in Colombia and Peru. Increasingly the role our nation has taken is the role of those who refuse to give up the privileges and pleasures that come from the immense profits of overseas investment."
-Martin Luther King, Jr. ["A Time to Break the Silence" speech given at Riverside Church New York City April 4, 1967]

8- "Death squads have been created and used by the CIA around the world - particularly the Third World - since the late 1940s, a fact ignored by the elite-owned media."
-Ralph McGehee [Former CIA analyst & Author] CIABASE; The Crisis of Democracy Deadly Deceits: My 25 years in the CIA

9- "The U.S.A. has supplied arms, security equipment and training to governments and armed groups that have committed torture, political killings and other human rights abuses in countries around the world."
-Amnesty International ["United States of America - Rights for All" October 1998]

10- "We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the world - no longer a Government of free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of small groups of dominant men."
-Woodrow Wilson [U.S. President during World War I]

11- "We must become the owners, or at any rate the controllers at the source, of at least a proportion of the oil which we require."
- British Royal Commission, agreeing with Winston Churchill's policy towards Iraq, 1913

12- "What we want to have in existence, what we ought to have been creating in this time is some administration with Arab institutions which we can safely leave while pulling the strings ourselves; something that won't cost very much, which the Labour government can swallow consistent with its' principles, but under which our economic and political interests will be secure. [.....] If the French remain in Syria we shall have to avoid giving them the excuse of setting up a protectorate. If they go, or if we appear to be reactionary in Mesopotamia, there is always the risk that [King] Faisal will encourage the Americans to take over both, and it should be borne in mind that the Standard Oil company is very anxious to take over Iraq."
- Sir Arthur Hirtzel, Head of the British government's 'India Office Political Department.' 1919

13- "If war aims are stated which seem to be solely concerned with Anglo-American imperialism, they will offer little to people in the rest of the world. The interests of other peoples should be stressed. This would have a better propaganda effect."
- Private memo from The Council of Foreign Relations to the US State Department, 1941

14- "Our strategic and security interests throughout the world will be best safeguarded by the establishment in suitable spots of 'Police Stations', fully equipped to deal with emergencies within a large radius. Kuwait is one such spot from which Iraq, South Persia, Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf could be controlled. It will be worthwhile to go to considerable trouble and expense to establish and man a 'Police Station' there."
- British Foreign Office, policy memo, 1947

15- "We have about 60% of the world’s wealth but only 6.3% of its’ population. In this situation we cannot fail to be the object of envy and resentment. Our real task in the coming period is to devise a pattern of relationships which will permit us to maintain this position of disparity. We need not deceive ourselves that we can afford today the luxury of altruism and world benefaction. We should cease to talk about such vague and unreal objectives as human rights, the raising of living standards and democratisation. The day is not far off when we are going to have to deal in straight power concepts. The less we are then hampered by idealistic slogans, the better."
- George Kennan, former Head of the US State Department Policy Planning Staff, Document PPS23, 24th February 1948

16- "I came to America because of the great, great freedom which I heard existed in this country. I made a mistake in selecting America as a land of freedom, a mistake I cannot repair in the balance of my lifetime."
-Albert Einstein, 1947

17- "The target suffered a terminal illness before a firing squad in Baghdad."
- CIA officer testifying to US Senate hearing, after bloody CIA aided Ba'th Party coup overthrew Iraqi Prime Minister Abdel Kassem, 1963

18- "Strikes at population targets (per se) are likely not only to create a counterproductive wave of revulsion abroad and at home, but greatly to increase the risk of enlarging the war with China and the Soviet Union. Destruction of locks and dams, however – if handled right – might offer promise. It should be studied. Such destruction does not kill or drown people. By shallow-flooding the rice, it leads after time to widespread starvation (more than a million) unless food is provided – which we could offer to do ‘at the conference table’."
- John McNaughton, US State Department Vietnam policy, as quoted in ‘The Mentality of the Backroom Boys.’ Article by Noam Chomsky, 1973

19- "The US must carry out some act somewhere in the world which shows its’ determination to continue to be a world power."
- Henry Kissinger, post-Vietnam blues, as quoted in The Washington Post, April 1975

20- "It would not have been possible for a political party to be more committed to a national home for the Jews in Palestine than was Labour."
- Harold Wilson, former British Labour Party Prime Minister, 1981

21- "One hundred nations in the UN have not agreed with us on just about everything that's come before them, where we're involved, and it didn't upset my breakfast at all."
- Ronald Reagan, former US President, basking in the triumph that was the US invasion of Grenada, 1983

22- Q. "Mr. President, have you approved of covert activity to destabilise the present government of Nicaragua?" A. "Well, no, we're supporting them, the - oh, wait a minute, wait a minute, I'm sorry, I was thinking of El Salvador, because of the previous, when you said Nicaragua. Here again, this is something upon which the national security interests, I just - I will not comment."
- Ronald Reagan, former US President, Washington press conference, February 13th, 1983, as quoted by John Pilger in 'Heroes'

23- "After seeing 'RAMBO' last night, I know what to do the next time this happens."
- Ronald Reagan, former US President, as reported by Daily Express, July 2nd, 1985

24- "Aerosol DU (Depleted Uranium) exposures to soldiers on the battlefield could be significant with potential radiological and toxicological effects. [...] Under combat conditions, the most exposed individuals are probably ground troops that re- enter a battlefield following the exchange of armour-piercing munitions. [...] We are simply highlighting the potential for levels of DU exposure to military personnel during combat that would be unacceptable during peacetime operations. [...DU is..]... a low level alpha radiation emitter which is linked to cancer when exposures are internal, [and] chemical toxicity causing kidney damage. [...] Short term effects of high doses can result in death, while long term effects of low doses have been linked to cancer. [...] Our conclusion regarding the health and environmental acceptability of DU penetrators assume both controlled use and the presence of excellent health physics management practices. Combat conditions will lead to the uncontrolled release of DU. [...] The conditions of the battlefield, and the long term health risks to natives and combat veterans may become issues in the acceptability of the continued use of DU kinetic penetrators for military applications."
- Excerpts from the July 1990 Science and Applications International Corporation report: ' Kinetic Energy Penetrator Environment and Health Considerations', as included in Appenix D - US Army Armaments, Munitions and Chemical Command report: 'Kinetic Energy Penetrator Long Term Strategy Study, July 1990' These documents state clearly and equivocally that the US army was well aware of the radioactive and toxic dangers of Depleted Uranium ammunition long before the first shots of the war were fired.

25- "We do not have any defence treaties with Kuwait, and there are no special defence or security commitments to Kuwait."
- Margaret Tutweiller, US State Department spokeswoman, 24th July 1990, nine days before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait

Source: http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/contemporary/0013.htm

Monday, January 15, 2007

Martin Luther King, Jr. Day

Some timely MLK quotes:

History will have to record that the greatest tragedy of this period of social transition was not the strident clamor of the bad people, but the appalling silence of the good people.

Have we not come to such an impasse in the modern world that we must love our enemies - or else? The chain reaction of evil - hate begetting hate, wars producing more wars - must be broken, or else we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation.

Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere

A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual doom.

"Millions have chosen to move beyond the prophesying of smooth patriotism to the high grounds of firm dissent, based upon the mandates of conscience and the reading of history. Now, of course, one of the difficulties in speaking out today grows out of the fact that there are those who are seeking to equate dissent with disloyalty. It's a dog day in our nation when high level authorities will seek to use every method to silence dissent. Something is happening and people are not going to be silent. The truth must be told. And I say that those who are seeking to make it appear that anyone who opposes the war in Vietnam is a fool or a traitor or an enemy of our soldiers is a person who has taken a stand against the best in our tradition."-- Martin Luther King, Jr., April 16th, 1967, Ebenezar Baptist Church, Atlanta, GA (AUDIO)

War Profiteering Corporations

TBR
Haliburton
Blackwater
CACI
Titan

to be updated...

Please watch the documentary: Iraq for Sale: The War Profiteers. http://iraqforsale.org/

Tuesday, September 19, 2006

Reservation in India and the Achievement of More Substantive Equality for Women

Series Abstract: The discussion as to whether or not India’s affirmative action policy of reservation (guaranteeing women 30% of the Ward Councilor seats in local government councils) brings about substantive equality is based upon an in-depth ethnographic case study of one Mumbai administrative ward. This discussion will be presented in three articles. The first will discuss a missing component in current reservation research—the absence of empirical network analysis—and discuss the inter-disciplinary approach I fashioned for this purpose in my thesis field work, the second will engage the gender justice rationale of reservation (the creation of a level playing field), and the third will address the gender interest rationale for reservation (more gender aware governance[1]).

Paper 1 Abstract: This paper argues that focusing on networks is important when assessing the affects of affirmative action measures like reservation, because that is where government actors draw the politically relevant social capital (PRSC) necessary (in the form of information, influence, money, time and labor, advice, and emotional support) one needs to effectively influence policy, push their agendas, and to fulfil the requirements of their post in general. It is also important to focus on networks when assessing affirmative action measures benefit to women as research on the gender of social capital shows that women, in general, are able to mobilize less instrumental social resources then men, even when they occupy similar positions within an institution (Ibarra, Sapiro). In addition, the political character or ‘political apprenticeship’[2] (conservative, progressive, socialist, feminist, ethnic or caste-centric, homogenous or heterogeneous) of one’s network can be considered a variable that points to both how aware one is of women’s issues and how inclined one may be to promote them once in office. It is this researchers opinion, that serious qualitative and quantitative analyses of both affirmative action beneficiaries networks and their male peers is necessary to understand better what needs to be addressed in order to better “even the playing field” between them and to offer more in terms of an thorough investigation as to why the, ‘politics of presence’ theory has yet to bear much in terms of substantive equality between men and women politician and men and women as political interest groups. This article describes the theories and methods I drew upon to put together a hybrid approach to the study of networks in this context and shares some of the data and analysis garnered in Mumbai in order to argue for an expanded research agenda regarding affirmative action and substantive equality for women.
________________
[1] Gender aware governance is governance that is aware of women’s practical and strategic gender needs (Moser 1989) and which sees these needs as political and within the jurisdiction of government to address.
[2] Term coined by Cornwall and Goetz 2005

Working Paper #1--Post 74th CA Urban Governance: An Ethnographic Case Study of a Mumbai Ward

Excerpt from Introduction:

. . .Again, while most development thinkers and practitioners attach an almost intrinsic value to democratic decentralization and the NDSs, some voices are emerging which acknowledge that the existence of NDSs does not ipso facto make for pro-poor poverty reducing regimes (Cornwall & Gaventa 2001, Williams 2004). Essentially, some have begun to reign in the enthusiasm for decentralization reforms by reminding us that it is not an end in itself, but rather one mechanism (among others) theorized to aid poverty reduction, to improve administrative efficiency, reduce corruption and discrimination, and to deepen democracy by increasing participation and accountability (Bardhan and Mookherhee, 2005; Silverman 2000; Johnson et al. 2005). As such, more research is needed to determine which forms of governance networks best serve the interests of the poor and mitigate against exclusionary practices and capture by elite interests (Baud 2004). Also, approaches to democratic decentralization tend to ignore that poor already act as political agents and participate in processes which affect their livelihoods—it is just that at present they more often act as clients participating in clientalist institutions, which they see as being better able to provide temporary security, rather than as citizens in democratic spaces willing and able to trade short-term security for long-term goals of equality and full citizenship rights (Taylor 2004). Presently, little is known as to what extent participatory decentralized governance reduces the practice of this survival tactic of what Geof Wood (2003) calls the “Faustian Bargain”: “the trade-off between the freedom to act independently in the pursuit of improved livelihoods and the necessity of dependent security” (455). The box below lists the theorized positive outcomes and the reasons for failure of these to develop on the ground. The italicized entries are those which my case study data deals with.

Based on my review of the relevant literature pertaining to democratic decentralization, the majority of research and writings focus primarily on the normative roles and responsibilities of the various governance actors. These writings are too often based upon ideas of democratization, decentralization, participation, and citizen empowerment which are accepted with little or no critical engagement as to how they go with the local context let alone if they are always the best route to greater and more equitable development. Also, too little work has focused on the urban arena. This article will attempt to expand the debate by offering an ethnographic account of the democratic decentralized governance of one Mumbai Administrative Ward, which for the sake of anonymity I will call Ward X.[1] A Mumbai Ward offers an excellent case through which to see developments since the advent of formal democratic decentralization, as India’s 74th Constitutional Amendment[2] , called for greater decentralization of money and powers to urban local bodies and mandated the inclusion of women and scheduled tribes and casts (via seat reservation). Specifically, the 74th CA laid out the path for urban decentralization by giving constitutional status to local bodies and thereby creating a NDS.[3] This NDS includes local level elected ward councillors (WCs), ward bureaucrats (WBs), and three registered civil society organizations (CSOs) representatives referred to as selected ward councillors (SWCs) in the form of Ward Committees. The 74th CA also mandated that seats be reserved in ward committees for women and backward castes to ensure comprehensive representation. The diagram below illustrates how this NDS, according to the policy and the theories behind it, is supposed to work. It is important to note that citizen participation is indirect and their interests are thought to be represented by both WCs and CSOs.

The job now is to determine if this type of NDS: “provides the poor with an effective way of making their priorities known” in order for their livelihoods to be strengthened (Baud 2004, p.14) and for accountability to be fostered and why or why not. This paper lends itself to this important endeavor, by taking a close look at what is occurring on the ground in the sphere of Mumbai ward governance by focusing primarily but not exclusively on Ward Councilors (WCs)[4] and their governance activities, interactions and networks. I choose to look at post 74th CA ward governance primarily via the prism of WCs as they operate in both the city’s formal and informal governance institutions, they are the elected official with whom the poor have the closest proximity to, and they were the stakeholder most empowered by the 74th CA. Thus, they are a good point of engagement through which to explore this issue ethnographically to discover how post 74th CA governance seems to be operating in general. In addition to rich description of ward governance, this case allows me to engage the debate as to whether policies like these in Mumbai have thus far resulted in: improved governance, poverty reduction, citizen empowerment, and deepened the democratization of society.

_______Footnotes_______________________
[1] This analysis is based upon the three months I spent studying this Ward which included: many in-depth interviews with pertinent formal governance actors (13 out of the 14 Ward Councillors (WCs), 4 Ward Officers, 1 Selected Ward Councillor , 3 Mahila Mandals, and 3 NGOs) WC network analysis, informal discussions (with various ward employees, slum dwellers, WC associates, and other random citizen encounters) participant observation of WCs interaction with other administrators, WCs, contractor/developers, and their constituents), secondary document analysis, and ward budget analysis. Ward X is responsible for delivering city level civic amenities to a population of that of a large city--798,775 (as of 2001 census) in an area of 19.13 square km. Its operating budget of 2004-05 was 16 crores (160 Million Rupees/3 Million Euros) which works out to be about 200 rupees per person (a little less then 4 euros) and they have requested a budget of 30 crores for 2005-2006 At present, Ward X’s slum population is estimated to be around 45%. There are 15 electoral wards and each WC is to represent approximately 60,000 people. The electoral wards here are quite an eclectic group. The range from electoral wards with mainly formal housing and occupied by mostly lower-upper middle-class residents, to electoral ward 7 which only has 8 formal structures and occupied by many tribal and fisherman colonies from Gujarat, to electoral wards 1 and 4 which are almost completely slums, to electoral ward 9 which is almost completely Muslim.[1] Of course, there are also areas within many of the electoral wards that have new movie cinemas, expensive restaurants, and mini-malls. It’s in many ways a microcosm of the diversity of Greater Mumbai.
[2] India, like numerous other countries, moved from centralization to decentralization in line with the emergent popularized ideas of good governance discussed above. The two aims of the 74th CA—reservation and decentralization—are intertwined in that both are seen as necessary for the efficient and democratic handling of urbanization issues.[2] If such issues as poverty, discrimination, overpopulation, water, sanitation, and infrastructure inadequacies are to be dealt with more effectively and efficiently then local government needs to have greater jurisdiction and be more representative of the population. These more representative and empowered Urban Local Bodies are believed to be better positioned to deal with local issues because of their daily lived proximity to these pressing urban issues and because of their close proximity and thus greater accountability to citizens. The main aims of the 74th CA are: to set up institutional mechanisms to facilitate decentralization, to demarcate the role of Urban Local Bodies and specify their functions, to ensure that representation of all sections of society (women, backward castes and tribes, and registered Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), to recommend the setting up of Ward Committees in regions within the city limits with three or more lakhs[2] people to facilitate democratic decentralization within cities as well as between them and their state, and to ensure that local bodies are not superseded by state governments (RCUES 2004, p.7).
[3] Even though the private sector is not included it does include formal CSO participation and does work to bring representatives closer to the people in an attempt to strengthen citizen voice and thus can be considered a NDS.
[4] Each of Mumbai’s administrative wards is broken down into electoral wards (of approximately 60,000) for each electoral ward a Ward Councilor is elected to represent the citizens of that ward at both the ward level in ward committees and at the city level in the legislative wing of the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. The 74th Constitutional Amendment increased the scope of this elected position.

Saturday, September 09, 2006

Whose acting like a Nazi Elite?

It seems to me interesting that the US govts war in Iraq and Afghanistan can not be argued in terms of the own (supposed) merits to such a degree that Bush has resorted to invoking Nazism hoping that the aversion we have for the very word Nazi will makes us all say "ah" okay, go ahead and war-on...

A question that comes to mind is whose tactics seem to mimic those of the Nazi elite in Germany...our's, there's, or both...depending on what you compare and contrast.

Consider this excerpt from an interview with Gilbert in Göring's (second only to Hitler in power) jail cell during the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials (18 April 1946)

Göring: "Why, of course, the people don't want war. Why would some poor slob on a farm want to risk his life in a war when the best that he can get out of it is to come back to his farm in one piece. Naturally, the common people don't want war; neither in Russia nor in England nor in America, nor for that matter in Germany. That is understood. But, after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine the policy and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy or a fascist dictatorship or a Parliament or a Communist dictatorship."

Gilbert: "There is one difference. In a democracy, the people have some say in the matter through their elected representatives, and in the United States only Congress can declare wars."

Göring: "Oh, that is all well and good, but, voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country."

Hmm, perhaps invoking Nazism does make some sense in these times......

Monday, August 21, 2006

How Innocent are 'Innocent' Civilians?

How Innocent Are “Innocent” Civilians?



One hears the phrase “innocent civilians” a lot these days, especially in regards to the victims of “terrorist” attacks. It goes something like, “how can these terrorists rationalize the wilfull killing of innocent civilians…” or “Terrorist target innocent civilians because they have no value for human life…” …”Terrorists are evil and they only want to kill innocents…” For some reason, state violence against another state (such as US Shock and Awe campaign which opened the current US war against Iraq, or our support of Sadam Hussein prior to 1992) which over the years has killed infinitely more civilian don’t often solicit the same condemnation…However, this double standard is not the focus of this post, rather how innocent are “innocent” civilians is.

First of all, are these civilian’s innocent as in not being guilty of a crime, as in not being corrupted, or as in being ignorant of something? This more than likely than not depends on the context. Of course, children who get killed in state authorized bombing campaigns or via a suicide bomb are innocent in all three areas. However, to use a particularly loaded example, in what ways were the victims of 9-11 innocent? Are civilians by definition “innocent”? Of course, the people who where murdered that day did not deserve that fate, but that does not necessarily mean that they are “innocent.”?

The main gripe of those who carried out the attacks of 9-11, was US intervention in Muslim, (often oil-rich countries). They do not hate (or particularly embrace) our freedoms, rather they “hate” US foreign policy—political, economic, and military intervention both overt and covert that has been ongoing since the end of WWII. Intervention, by the way, that has resulted in much civilian suffering and death, via sanctions and US fueling of civil and other strife in (see Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Indonesia), US support of un-democratic regimes and rulers as long as they were “friendly” to our Oil interests etc in their countries, US bases in Saudi Arabia, the US’s carte blanche support of Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories (Israel receives more US aid than any other country, most in military grants, and US consistently vetoes any UN resolutions that are critical of Israel’s treatment of Palestinians…), and the US’s media and intelligencia’s continuous construction of Muslims and Muslim society en masse as backward , barbaric, infantile, and in need of “civilizing.”

Now, normally in today’s neo-realist dominated international relations ideology, a country’s foreign policy is structured to promote the country’s self-interest, however currently constructed, by limiting as much as possible actions of other States that are seen as possibly negatively impacting that country’s pursuing its self-interest. Now, whether or not this self-interest is actually for the benefit of the public in general, or in fact more about imperial expansion which benefits primarily the power elite at the expense of both the majorities within and without the borders, while in need of more critical engagement, is not within the scope of this post to address here (See Noam Chomsky, Lilly Ling, Howard Zinn, Cornel West, Robert Frisk, bell hooks, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Francis Fukoyama etc). The question is how culpable are the citizens for their country’s foreign policies? Again, this is context specific. One should not hold the citizens, of say Afghanistan, North Korea, or Columbia to account the same way we would the citizens of say the USA, Great Britain, or Israel. Actual functioning democratic societies whose population enjoy a relatively good standard of living and who enjoy historically unprecedented access to information (if one bothers to look for it), in my opinion, can and should be held to greater account for the actions of their governments then those citizens who are mostly impoverished and repressed with little or no access to information and who have no institutionalized way of holding their rulers to account.

By this standard, the US populace of voting age, especially those who are either aware of the underside of their government’s policies and opt for either nihilism, support, or feigned ignorance, or those who don’t bother to Socratically engage the myths spun by (most ) politicians and pundits and continue by either participation or non participation in the democratic process to support these actions (which in part construct this “terrorist” threat we are so freaked about) cannot be correctly labeled as innocent.

The current rationale for Iraq is that by fighting there the US is safer. So by this rationale our security is being in large part paid for with Iraqi (mainly civilian) blood and well-being. Are those who go along (either willingly or with resignation) with this rationale innocent? Would it not be fair for Iraqis (or others) to hold US citizens’ accountable for the price they are paying?

Much of the West’s wealth and power has been cultivated by the oppression and exploitation of the rest of the world for the past 400 plus years and this continues and it continues to breed resistance that is becoming more and more radicalized and violent and more dedicated to share with the civilians of the West what many of the civilians of the Rest have and continue to experience by the hands of Western powers and their foreign client regimes…insecurity, instability, and yes, terrorism.

If one benefits, in anyway from the injustice born upon others, and does nothing in work or deed to change the status quo can they be said to be innocent? This is a philosophical and moral question that needs to be addressed, especially by citizens who enjoy relative freedom and the ability to hold to account those who inflict injustice in our name and with our resources.

Saturday, August 12, 2006

Response to Alan Dershowitz's Huffington Post Post

In his post Dershowitz claims that occupation is a response to terrorism and not one of its causes etc..


Hmm. As much fun as the what came first argument...the chicken or the egg...terrorism or occupation is...I'd say that terrorism, defined by the US Department of Defense as: The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological, is something that Israel has and continues to employ often in its 35 plus year military occupation of recognized Palestinian Territories. And it is also something Hamas, Hezbollah etc use as part of its resistance to this occupation. Thus neither came first nor can be used as the an exhaustive excuse for the actions on either side. The only thing relatively unique about this situation is that it’s the weaker group, the sub-altern if you will, that has appropriated the tactics of the oppressor with the means available to them.

Moving on, you asked in your article "What should Israel do..." when its citizens are harmed/killed... Why is it that it’s okay for Israel to respond violently to violence against its people, but it is "terrorism" when the other side does? Besides, way way way more Palestinian children have died at the hands of the IDF then Israeli children via attacks from Hamas type groups... In addition, events have precedence, even if you don’t like what some or all of that precedence is or if it doesn’t match the picture in your mind. Hamas just didn’t emerge one day and for no reason or for reasons only based on old European ideas regarding the Jewish decide to start sending suicide bombers! Prof, you need to do more homework and peer beyond the surface of things. I wonder if you except such weak arguments form you r students?

I know you want to portray Israel as the victim and as the good neighbor who is reluctantly pushed into "defending itself," but, unfortunately that doesn't match the facts. To be a victim one must be at a power disadvantage. In what dimension do the Palestinians have power-over Israel (answer none) In what dimensions does Israel exert power over Palestine (answer: every)...

I am a white middle-class American citizen who worked (taught high school and lived in Gaza for two years (2002-2004). And I can tell you that Israel is not a nice neighbor, colonial master, or landlord. The occupation is violent and humiliating and ever present. The group punishment, the destruction of infrastructure, agriculture, and residences plus the land grabs and control of water resources does not make one a victim, but a victimizer.

I don't support Hamas's/Hezbollahs tactics which target civilians (anymore than I support Israel’s willingness to kill civilians who are guilty by proximity), nor do I support their desire to set up an Islamic state (bad for women). However, if I had been born Palestinian and raised under this Israeli occupation, I can honestly say that I would likely support groups like them which fight back...humans can only take so much oppression before they meet violence with violence.

Have you ever been to Gaza or the West Bank Sir, do you know the ways and means of this occupation? There are groups who sponsor those interested (especially Israelis and Jewish from other places) and show them what life is like under Occupation. As a Prof, I am sure you realize the value in verstehen, and not excepting everything that comes out of Israel’s Public Relations (aka propaganda machine) as Truth.

To end, I agree with your nemesis N. Chomsky, in that the best way to reduce one’s risk to terror is for them to stop terrorizing and emasculating their “security threats.”

Friday, August 11, 2006

Peace, Propaganda, and the Promise Land

Letter From Lebanon

A LETTER FROM BEIRUT

Beirut, August 7th 2006>>

We are fine Because our mind is not under siege by the brutal force. Because those burned, riddled and shredded bodies are for us the exact reason for expression and solidarity that are worth hoping for. Because each time a murderer discharges his fury, he exhausts the power >within himself as soon as he releases it, whereas his victims' escapes to his cruelty and blends with the universal tragedy of Man, from Hecube to Nesrine Salloum, the one that dilates irrepressibly, fills the void left behind by the warlike stupidity and claims the all mighty assertion that there is something else to do than what is happening. We are not fine...Because the massacres, the bombing raids, the destructions, the forced >displacements of people have taken the rhythm of a banal routine, a little more insignificant each day. Because the Mediterranean, from Byblos to Tyr, is in mourning, and will >hold on to its black suit of fuel for years, Because the Bekaa milk, eggs and vineyards were the shameful targets of the most coward soldiers of the planet, Because the war of Lebanon, with its spectacular side, conceals another one, more serious, more horrible, the one of Gaza that dehumanizes a humiliated people, with no work, no water, no electricity, no rights, >regularly massacred, locked up in what is becoming a huge concentration camp, Because the reports, the articles, the documentaries, the calls and the denouncements engulf in the putrid UN marsh, dilute themselves in the "anergia" of the suit and tie gentlemen who's babbling gabs immediately stop at the first wrath of the Big Boss with his despising, peremptory and irrevocable "veto".

(Between 1972 and 2003, 39 Security Council resolutions against Israel were >vetoed by the United States. 39 times the "right" of one party alone has >won over the will of the international community.>>Of those 39 denials of justice, 11 were about the Israeli aggressions on >Lebanon)

Because Bush's "smart bombs" carry on their undisturbed journey thanks to the good care of their British clerk, and because yesterday, August 6th was the anniversary of the bomb over >Hiroshima>>"... on top of the usual sifting lesions due to shrapnel the wounded have similar burns on the head and the arms, on the uncovered parts of the body. Also, the wounded members are very deteriorated, as if torn by a land mine. All this seems like the effect of fragmentation bombs ignited by drones with delayed-action bombs..." (Régis Garrigues - Médecins du monde)>"... Due to air strikes, some people carry severe wounds that doctors are unable to determine the causes. The chest remains intact, while the face and the four members of the body's muscles have literally melt at some parts. A true horror. No metallic splinter or fragment allows to indicate >what kind of weapon could cause these wounds... " (Jean-Paul Delain - Médecins sans frontières)"

... Information like this is serious enough to be the object of a significant international investigation that would be able to stop the rumor, if it is one; On the other hand it could bring this war crime to international authorities able to judge, or, in the absence of being able to do so for lack of constraining texts, would put a point of honor to condemn it clearly......"

But we are fine, what about you?

~Roger Assaf, Issam Bou Khaled, Kamal Chayya, Rawya El Chab, Zeina Saab De >Melero, Said Serhan, Fadi el Far, Tarek Atoui, Hagop Der Ghougassian, Abdo >Nawar, Hanane Hajj Ali, Abder Rahman Awad, Zeinab Assaf, Bernadette >Houdeib, Ibrahim Serhan, Nehmat Atallah.

What is Terrorism

US Department of Defense Definition for Terrorism


The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological.

Questions:

Can't this definition be applied both to 9/11 and to the US "Shock and Awe" campaign in Iraq?

Can't this definition apply both to Hamas and Hezbollah AND to Israel's military occupation and actions over the past 30 plus years?

Can't this definition also apply to: US actions in Afghanistan during the 1980's, US actions in Philippineslipines, Japan, much of South and Central America, and etc during the last 60 or so years?

------
It seems that when the powerful hold the guns it's not terrorism, but when the weak do its "terrorism." The West has killed and terrorized WAY more people than all the "terrorist" groups combined and multiplied by 100, but for some reason when we do it its justified. Looks like might still very much equals right...

Friday, May 12, 2006

Don't be Dupes--American Voter

I very much agree with Air America's Rachael Maddow that Bush's quick response to the recent NSA revelation regarding the logging of American's phone calls makes the Republican's strategy for the 2006 and 2008 elections clear: FEAR and/or 9/11 demands these types of actions and Democrats are wimps and want us to stop doing what's necessary to keep you safe.

The message that is going to be brought endlessly will be: They (Republicans) are tough on terror and willing to do whatever it takes to keep you safe! Education, health care, civil liberties, poverty, Katrina rebuilding, rampant corpratism etc etc all pale in comparison to the "fact" that you are in danger and only we will keep you safe.

Don't buy it hook line and sinker people. Think Think THINK Question QUESTION.

  • They (Bush etc) tell you that ____________ (wire tapping, Guantonimo, Iraq, Secret Prisons, Torture, etc) is necessary to stop terroism, but they never tell you how exactly or offer any proof of its effectiveness.
  • They tell you that the NSA thing would have prevented 9-11, but again offer no proof, beyond "Trust Us." Alos, how do you know that they are only going to use this information to look for terrorists, especially as there is currently NO oversight...
  • They tell you that Iraq is a necessary war/occupation as it is and will keep us safer, yet offer no proof beyond slogans and simplistic platitudes. Wanting something to be true does not make it true.
  • They blame what little functioning press is left for "helping the enemy" by letting us now what they are up to, rather than taking any responsibility and treating us like we have even a minimal IQ.

When they bring up "Being tough on Terror" ask them about the level of hate they have managed to create towards the US, ask them were Osama is, ask them about our ports and borders, ask them how occupying Iraq and dumping more lives and $$$ into it is actually benefiting us and the Iraqis who are dying literally by the truckload now.

Giving up freedoms does not make you freer or safer... it makes you a dupe.

Think, Question, and Demand Better

Have they got your attention yet???

BREAKING NEWS
MSNBC News Services
Updated: 7:41 p.m. ET May 11, 2006

WASHINGTON - The Senate gave final approval Thursday to a $70 billion election-year package of tax cuts that will extend lower rates for investors and also save billions for families with above-average incomes.

........Hmm I thought we have the hugest debt in history (a lot of which is owned by China and other foreign governments) can't afford to help the gulf coast more and adequately fund education...


USA TODAY

The National Security Agency has been secretly collecting the phone call records of tens of millions of Americans, using data provided by AT&T, Verizon and BellSouth, people with direct knowledge of the arrangement told USA TODAY.

The NSA program reaches into homes and businesses across the nation by amassing information about the calls of ordinary Americans — most of whom aren't suspected of any crime.

.....Hmm I thought Bush said they were only singling out those suspected of having ties to Alqueda.....hmm keep on bending over people... "We are only monitoring phone calls made from Alqueda suspects calling someone within the US." ~~G.W.Bush Keep on lying George, your people seem to like it...